Filozofiya (Philosophie) ni uburyo bwo kumenya gushyira umubonezo mu mitekerereze, bigafasha umuntu kwimenyereza gutekereza neza kugira ngo abashe gushyira mu gaciro, bityo ubwo bumenyi bukamugira inshuti y’ubuhanga, (philosophie est l’Amour de la Sagesse).

Buri sosiyete ku isi igira Filozofiya yayo, aho no mu Rwanda kuva ku bakurambere bafite Filozofiya yabo ibafasha kubaho mu buzima bwa buri munsi.

Mujya mwumva bamwe mu bahanga mu Rwanda bagiye bagaragaza imyitwarire itangaje mu mboni z’abababona, ibyo mu mvugo y’ubu bita ‟udutendo, udukoryo”, bamwe bakabafata nk’abataye umutwe, ariko abasobanukiwe bagakura isomo muri izo nyigisho.

Iyo myifatire itangaje, byagaragaye ko ikubiyemo inyigisho zirimo kubahiriza igihe, kwiyoroshya, kugira amakenga, kwirinda kwigira inari njye, kubaha buri wese utitaye ku butunzi bwe cyangwa ku gihagararo, kubaha ikiremwa muntu utagendeye ku moko n’ibindi.

Abo bahanga n’ubwo bakagombye kubaho bubahwa, bo ntibabishatse ahubwo bahitamo kwiyambura icyo cyubahiro dore ko abenshi baba barize amashuri ahanitse, ibyo bakabyiyambura bagahitamo iyo myifatire ifatwa nkaho iciriritse mu maso ya rubanda.

Mu Rwanda, uwavuzwe cyane ni Nayigiziki Xavier (Saverio), uwo mwigeze kumva mu bukwe bamuzimaniye icyo kunywa, aho kwica inyota inzoga azimena mu mifuka ya costume yari yambaye.

Impamvu y’icyo gikorwa umuntu yakwibwira ko kigayitse ku musirimu, yari iyo guhindura imyifatire y’abari bamutumiye. Ngo yabanje kuza yiyambariye incabari, maze ntihagira umureba n’irihumye. Nyuma y’aho yigobetse ahantu maze yiyambura ubushwambagara, ashyiramo imyenda y’igiciro, maze ngo agaruke, bamuha umwanya w’icyubahiro, batangira kumuzimanira imivinyo.

Bamubajije impamvu ituma akora ibyo, yababwiye ati “Naje nambaye nabi ntimwanyitaho, none nje nambaye neza murashyashyana. Ubwo ni ukuvuga ko mwakiriye imyenda, si jye mwakiriye.”

Muri macye, kwari nko nkwigisha abantu ko umukire n’umukene, umutumirwa n’umuvumba bose ari abantu banganya agaciro.

Abandi banyarwanda bahisemo kwigisha babinyujije mu guca bugufi n’ubwo ari abanyacyubahiro, harimo Mwarimu Muswahili Paulin, Musenyeri Alexis Kagame n’abandi.

Abo bahanga babagaho muri ubwo buryo butangaje, bahawe inyito ya filozofe, bijya mu mitekerereze ya benshi, aho ababonye umuntu wese akora ibihabanye n’iby’abandi bavuga bati ‟Uyu ni umufilozofe”.

Mu kumenya neza imikorere y’abafilosofe n’ikibaranga, twegereye zimwe mu mpuguke zakoze ubushakashatsi kuri ubwo buhanga, barimo Dr. Emmanuel Nsengiyumva na Kajuga Jérôme, batubwira ku buzima butangaje bw’abo bahanga batanze inyigisho mu buryo bwibazwaho na benshi.

Kajuga Jérôme ati ‟Abenshi bakunze kwibeshya babona umuntu ukoze ikintu cyo kwibazaho bati uyu ni umufilozofe, babona uwo ibibazo byarenze ugenda mu nzira yivugisha bati dore umufirosife, nyamara iyo siyo firosofiya abantu barabyitiranya”.

Arongera ati ‟Biriya ba Nayigiziki bagiye bakora mu buryo bwabo bwo kubaho, bagahitamo uburyo bwo kugaragaza ibitekerezo byabo mu bikorwa, ntabwo twabikerensa iyo ni firosofiya yabo”.

Kajuga avuga ko hari n’ibindi umuntu ashobora gukora agendeye ku buhanga, mu myandikire ye, imyemerere ye gutanga igitekerezo nta bwoba ibyo nabyo bikaba byakwitwa filosofiya nk’uko nayigiziki yari ateye, utaragiraga ubwoba bwo gutangaza ukuri kwe, kabone n’ubwo yakuzira.

Ngo mu bafilozofe bemewe kandi babyigiye, Musenyeri Alexis Kagame aza ku isonga haba mu Rwanda ndetse no muri Afurika, aho afatwa nk’umuhanga muri filozofiya.

Kajuga avuga ko ku rutonde rw’abafilosofe bakomeye muri Afurika, Mgr Alexis Kagame arugaragaraho, mu gihe Nayigiziki Xavier yakoraga ibyo nk’uburyo bwe yari yarahisemo bwo kubaho, nawe agafatwa nk’Umufilozofe.

Tumwe mu dukoryo twakozwe n’Abafilozofe mu Rwanda

Nayigiziki Xavier (Saverio) ni we mu filozofe ugaruka kenshi mu ntekerezo z’abantu, nk’umuhanga ufatwa nk’umwami w’udushya n’udukoryo mu kugaragaza ibitekerezo n’inyigisho ze mu buryo abantu batamenyereye.

Uwo mugabo wavutse mu 1915 i Mbazi mu Karere Huye mu hahoze ari Butare, amashuri ye abanza yayigiye i Save ayisumbuye ayakomereza muri Seminari nto ya Kabgayi ariko akora n’ubushakashatsi butandukanye aho yagiye yandika n’ibitabo birimo Roman, yitaba Imana mu 1984.

Mu kumenya neza ubuzima bw’uwo muhanga, twasomye inyandiko ya Claire Gasamagera uvuga ko ari umwuzukuru wa Nayigiziki, agaragaza ibyaranze ubuzima bw’uwo muhanga.

Gasamagera Claire uvuga ko Nayigiziki ari Sekuru, nyina umubyara ngo akaba bucura bwa Nayigiziki.

Avuga ko mu minsi ya nyuma ya Nayigiziki, yari yaranze izina rye rya Nayigiziki kuko ngo yumvaga rifite amaganya, ahitamo gukura mu izina rye ingombajwi ’y’ akandika Naigiziki, niho uzabona mu nyandiko zimwe handitse Nayigiziki mu zindi ari Naigiziki.

Nayigiziki yateze rifuti ataha mu irimbi ahita iwe

Dr. Emmanuel Nsengiyumva umwe mu mpuguke zakoze ubushakashatsi ku munyabigwi Nayigiziki, avuga ko ibyo yakoraga abenshi babifataga nk’ubusazi bikarangira bibabereye inyigisho.

Dr. Nsengiyumva ati ‟Nayigiziki yari atuye i Cyarwa hafi ya Kaminuza y’u Rwanda, ubwo yari avuye ahitwa mu Matyazo yahaze agatama, yatse rifuti umugabo wari umunyuzeho atwaye imodoka, aramubaza ati iwawe nihe ndi bukugeze?. Nayigiziki amukatisha amujyana ku irimbi ryo ku Karubanda, bahageze Nayigiziki aramuhagarika ati nageze iwanjye”.

Ngo mu gihe uwari umuhaye rifuti akibyibazaho, Nayigiziki ati ‟Kandi nawe wabishaka utabishaka aha ni iwawe, umenye ko aha ari iwabo wa twese”.

Dr. Nsengiyumva, avuga ko ikindi gihe Nayigiziki yatashye ubukwe bwabereye ahahoze hitwa ku Ngoro i Huye, agenda yigize umuvumba, abakobwa bari muri serivise bamubonye n’uburyo yambaye inshabari bati ‟Ntiwinjira, bererekera abambaye amakoti meza, naho wowe w’inshabari wapi”.

Ngo nyuma yo kumuheza, Nayigiziki yanyarukiye mu rugo yiyambura inshabari yambara costume agarutse bamwakira nk’umushyitsi w’imena, nk’uko Dr. Nsengiyumva abivuga.

Ati ‟Nayigiziki yarabyitegereje amaze kubona ko kwinjizwa muri ubwo bukwe bishingira ku butunzi, aragenda arohamo costume aragarutse bamusamira hejuru kugeza ubwo bamwicaje iruhande rw’abageni, bazana byeri bayimuhaye ati iyi byeri si iyanjye”.

Arongera ati ‟Yafashe ya byeri ayiranguriza mu mifuka y’ikote arangije arisohokera, ati n’ubundi nzi kwisengerera, filozofiya yanyu ndayibonye muri ba Habanabakize”.

Dr. Nsengiyumva avuga ko iyo mikorere ya Nayigiziki yatumaga abantu bamufata nk’umuntu uciriritse utuzuye, ariko bamwe bakabiha agaciro biha Nayigiziki ububasha bumugira Umufilozofe.

Ati ‟Nkeka ko ariho bahera abantu bamwita umufilozofe ariko mu bisobanuro bya filozofiya sinibaza ko ariko umuntu yamwita, umuntu wese agira filozifiya ye, ariko turebye ba Aristote, ba Platon n’abandi ntabwo yakabaye ajya mu bafilozofe”.

Nayigiziki bamwambuye umushahara bawuhaye umugore we ahagarika akazi

Dr. Nsengiyumva avuga ko mu buzima bwa Nayigiziki yakundaga inzoga, ku buryo ngo iyo yahembwaga ngo yaranywaga agahembuka, kandi ngo akagira ubuntu, agasengerera umuhisi n’umugenzi, ibyo bigatuma urugo rwe rukena.

Ngo ubwo yari umukozi kwa Musenyeri Jean Baptiste Gahamanyi, aho yari ashinzwe ubusemuzi no guhindura inyandiko z’ikinyarwanda mu ndimi z’amahanga, umugore we Isabelle yagiye kumurega kwa Musenyeri, avuga ko adahahira urugo.

Ati ‟Musenyeri Gahamanyi aramubwira ati nzareba, ariko uwo Musenyeri akaba yarakundiraga Nayigiziki ubuhanga bwe bwo mukazi ariko anamuhana kubera iyo mico yo kunywa cyane”.

Arongera ati ‟Bukeye Nayigiziki agiye guhembwa, Musenyeri yafashe ½ cy’umushahara agishyira mu ibahasha ahereza Nayigiziki, ikindi ½ agiha umugore we. Icyo gihe ngo Nayigiziki ntiyigeze agira ikibazo na mba cy’uko ibyo bibaye, nk’umuntu wari umunyamahoro araceceka arigendera”.

Ngo yakomeje akazi igice cy’ukwezi kigeze (iminsi 15), akazi aragahagarika arigendera, abo bakorana bagatekereza impamvu ataza ku kazi bibaza ko yarwaye, kugeza ubwo Musenyeri Gahamanyi yamutumyeho ati ‟Kuki wataye akazi?”.

Nayigiziki arasubiza ati ‟Ariko ni ibintu byumvikana, narakoze ungenera ½ cy’igihembo cyanjye, undi wahaye andi yagombye kuba yaraje agasubukurira aho nari ngejeje agakora indi minsi 15”.

Ngo Musenyeri yabonye ko ibyo Nayigiziki avuga ari ukuri, amuhemba amafaranga ye akazi karakomeza, ari naho yashimangiye itegeko rivuga ko umushahara w’umuntu ari ntavogerwa.

Claire Gasamagera umwuzukuru wa Nayigiziki abisobanura ku buryo burambuye, avuga ko ngo Nyirakuru Isabelle (umugore wa Nayigiziki) abigiriwemo inama n’abana be, yagiye kumurega kwa Musenyeri Gahamanyi ko asesagura umutungo w’urugo.

Ngo Musenyeri yagize ati ‟Nayigiziki, nzajya nguhemba igice, ikindi ngihe umugore wawe “. Nayigiziki asubiza mu rurimi rw’igifatansa ati ” D’accord” (ndabyemeye)”.

Gasamagera avuga ko ngo Isabelle yatashye abyina, igihe cyo guhembwa kigeze Nayigiziki ahembwa 1/2 cy’umushahara, nuko yigira inama yo gukora iminsi 15 , indi arabura, aho ngo yaba yaragiye mu Bugesera mu rugo rwe, akomeza imirimo yo kwandika igitabo cye ku Nyoni, akajya yumviriza amajwi y’inyoni mu ishyamba aho yamaze ibyumweru bibiri Musenyeri Gahamanyi atamuca iryera.

Ngo Musenyeri yakomeje gutegereza Nayigiziki amubuze ararakara, ari nabwo ku italiki ya mbere y’ukundi kwezi Nayigiziki yagarutse ku kazi.

Ngo Musenyeri Gahamanyi akimukubita amaso yamwakiranye uburakari, mu rurimi rw’igifaransa amubajije impamvu yataye akazi, Nayigiziki ati ” tiens , Isabelle n’est pas venue au travail?”.

Aho rero, Musenyeri utaribukaga izina ry’umugore wa Nayigiziki yagize ati ‟Qui est Isabelle ?”, Nagiziki ati ‟Ma chere femme”, mu gihe Musenyeri akiri mu rujijo, Nayigiziki ati ‟Nakoze iminsi 15 mpembwa iminsi 15, nawe yagombaga gukora 15”.

Kajuga Jérôme yemeza ko mu mibereho ya Nayigiziki yari umuntu wigenga (un homme libre), ngo nta muntu wamushyiragaho igitutu. Ngo i Huye yabaga yigendera n’amaguru mu masaha yose ashakiye kuko nta wamukangaga.

Avuga ko n’ubwo Nayigiziki yigishaga mu Iseminari ya Karubanda afite abagore benshi kandi anywa inzoga uko abishaka, ntawabaga yatinyuka kumwirukana.

Ati ‟Nta muntu wamukangisha ngo ndakwirukana ku kazi, ntiwamubwira ngo ndagufunga cyangwa umubwire ngo ndakwica ntacyo byari bimutwaye, akavuga ati ubwo wowe ni uko ubyumva, nunyica se ndaba iki?”.

Nayigiziki ahuye n’abasirikare saa munani z’ijoro yasinze

Mu gihe cya Nayigiziki, ngo nta mugabo wabaga yahakana inyito ya Milita nk’uko Kajuga abivuga, uretse Nayigiziki wenyine wasuhujwe n’abasirikare bamwise Milita ababwiza inani na rimwe.

Kajuga ati ‟Nayigiziki utaragiraga icyo atinya, avuye kunywa urwagwa yanyuze imbere ya Camp Militaire saa munani z’ijoro, abasirikare baramureba bati uraho Militant, Nayigiziki ati ye?, ngo Militant?, militare?, ntabwo ndi umuvuzampiri nkamwe”.

Kajuga avuga ko ubusobanuro bw’ijambo Milita (militant) ari umuntu urwana, militare bikavuga intambara, ati ‟Umu milita ni umuntu urwana, militare ni intambara, ni imirwano. Ibaze nawe umuntu muri kiriya gihe wanze kwitwa Milita byari ugukora ibara, militante militant byari bivuze ikintu gikomeye”.

Nayigiziki yakoreye Abadepite inyandikomvugo y’inama, yandagaza Umudepite warutse

Kajuga avuga ko Nayigiziki atajyaga yiburira mu kazi kose yakoze, aho kera mu nteko Ishinga amatekeko abadepite bamwe babaga barize make, bagatorwa bagendeye cyane cyane ku barwanashyaka ba Parimehutu, aho kubera ubumenyi buke bamwe mu badepite bashakaga ko ibyo bavuze byose bigaragazwa mu nyandiko mvugo yakozwe.

Ngo ku munsi wa mbere, Nayigiziki yafashe inyandiko mvugo y’inama, ayisomye abadepite barasakuza ngo Nayigiziki yanditse nabi imyanzuro y’inama ngo hari ibyo bavuze atanditse, aho we yari yakoze inshamake nk’umuntu ubifitemo ubuhanga.

Nkuko Kajuga abivuga, ngo abadepite bafashe umwanzuro w’uko igitekerezo kivuye mu kanwa ka buri mudepite Nayigiziki agomba kujya acyandika uko cyakabaye, Nayigiziki ati ‟Ndabyemeye ba Nyakubahwa”.

Kajuga ati ‟Bavuye aho bajya kwiyakira umwe muri bo agubwa nabi araruka, Nayigiziki aba yabiteye imboni abishyira mu nyandiko mvugo, ayisomera abadepite ati kuri iyi saha Depite runaka arariye arahaga araruka, aruka ibishyimbo, aruka amashaza, aruka n’inyama z’inka…, abadepite bati ibi se kandi uzanye ni ibiki ko bidafite aho bihuriye n’inama”.

Nayigiziki ati ‟Ariko mwambwiye ko ikizava mu kanwa k’umudepite cyose nzajya ngishyira mu nyandiko mvugo”.

Nayigiziki yakoze inyandiko zitandukanye zirimo n’amakinamico

Abo bahanga bagiye bakurikirana amateka ya Nayigiziki, bavuga ko muri iyo filozofiya ye yamufashije gutanga ubutumwa burwanya ivangura ry’amoko ryo mu 1959, abinyujije mu nyandiko ariko ubwo butumwa ntibwahabwa agaciro.

Nk’uko Dr. Nsengiyumva abivuga, ngo Nayigiziki yanditse inyandiko mu buryo bw’ikinamico yitwa L’Optimiste (Nayigiziki, S.J., L’Optimiste, Astrida, Groupe Scolaire d’Astrida (Frères de la Charité), 1954. ), ikubiyemo ubutumwa bukangurira Abanyarwanda kuba umwe.

Ati ‟Iyo kinamico yitwa l’Optimiste, harimo isomo rikomeye cyane, nk’abantu dukora icukumbura mu by’ubuvanganzo tuyibonamo Ndi Umunyarwanda y’ubu. Urumva mu gihe yayandikaga mu 1954-1955 hari ibibazo by’irondakoko mu Rwanda, Abahutu n’Abatutsi”.

Arongera ati ‟Ubundi uko Abanyarwanda batwitaga mu moko yacu y’ubuhutu n’ubututsi, Nayigiziki yari umuhutu, akaba wa muhutu mwiza cyane utarigeze wijandika mu macakubiri abandi bijanditsemo”.

Akomeza agira ati ‟Ikibikwereka n’uko mu myaka ye nk’urungano rwa Perezida Kayibanda, ngira ngo banavukiye rimwe mu 1915. Ariko Nayigiziki ntiyigeze abona akazi muri Politike, yari umwarimu muri Seminari ya Karubanda kandi abo banyapolitike bose yabarushaga ubwenge”.

Dr. Nsengiyumva, avuga ko ubwo hashingwaga amashyaka menshi amwe aganisha ku bwoko, Nayigiziki yahisemo gushinga icyitwa la Concorde, ashaka inzira yo gutanga ibitekerezo bye biganisha ku bumwe, ubusabane no kubanisha abantu neza.

Ngo ni nabwo yanditse iyo kinamico yise L’Optimiste, agamije gushaka igisubizo cy’ibibazo biri hagati y’Abahutu n’Abatutsi.

Ngo muri iyo kinamico, harimo inkuru y’abana babiri umwe witwaga Siliveri n’uwitwaga Monika, mu mukino bakaba abafiyanse, aho umuhungu yaturukaga mu bwoko bw’Abahutu umukobwa aturuka mu bwoko bw’Abatutsi.

Ati ‟Muri filozofiya ya Nayigiziki, yakoze iyo nyandiko avuga ati, abantu benshi bamaze kwandura bamwe baribonamo ubuhutu abandi ubututsi, ariko buriya umwana wavuka ku muhutu n’umututsi, yaba ari umunyarwanda, uwo niwe ukenewe. Aho niho yakuye umutwe w’uwo mwandiko l’Optimiste”.

Nk’uko Dr. Nsengiyumva abivuga, ngo ubwo buhanga bwo kubona ibintu agakumira mbere y’uko biba, niho bahera bavuga ko umwanditsi ari umuhanuzi, aho Nayigiziki mu bikorwa bye yashyiraga imbere Ndi Umunyarwanda mu myaka 60 ishize, none akaba ariyo tugenderaho ubu.

Nayigiziki ngo wakunze kwandika za Romans, aho mu kwereka abazungu ko abirabura bashoboye bitandukanye n’uko babikekaga, yanditse igitabo gifite umutwe ugira uti ’Mes transes à trente ans’ mu gice yise ’Un singe qui a avalé un Français’, cyasohotse mu 1955.

Nk’uko Dr. Nsengiyumva abivuga, iyo nyandiko yari igamije gutanga ubutumwa ku bazungu bakomezaga kwibaza uburyo Nayigiziki avuga neza igifaransa, bagatekereza ko yaba ari umufaransa yamize umuvugiramo.

Ati ‟Abazungu bamubonaga avuga neza igifaransa, bakwibaza uburyo bafata umwirabura nk’akaguge, bagatangara bakavuga bati siwe ubivuga, ahubwo ashobora kuba ari kuvugirwamo n’umuzungu yamize, bibaza ko ururimi rwabo bitaga igitangaza umwirabura atabasha kuruvuga neza”.