Incamake (iteye amatsiko ) y’amateka y’amafaranga

Dukuzimana Ignace September 29, 2023

AMAFARANGA. Abantu benshi barayahangayikira, batekereza uburyo bwo kubona menshi yisumbuyeho, barota uburyo bayakoresha igihe bayafite n’igihe baba bayabonye. Ariko se tuzi ibingana iki ku mafaranga? Komeza usome ku mateka y’amafaranga twese tuzi.

IGIKONOSHWA CYA ‘COWRIE’ N’IBINDI BINTU BIVA MURI KAMERE: Amwe mu mafaranga ya mbere yari ibintu biva muri kamere (nature). Urugero rugaragara ni ibikonoshwa bya ‘Cowrie’, byabanje gukoreshwa nk’amafaranga ahagana mu mwaka wa 1200 mbere ya Yezu.

Nubwo bisa nkaho ari amahitamo adasanzwe, ibi bikonoshwa byari bifite impamvu nyinshi zatumye babihitamo mu kubikoresha nk’amafaranga: byari bisa mungano yabyo, ari bito, kandi biramba. Mugihe ‘mollusks’ itanga ibi bikonoshwa iboneka mumazi y’inyanja yu Buhinde na pasifika, kwagura ubucuruzi byari bivuze ko n’ibihugu bimwe by’u Burayi byemeraga ibikonoshwa bya ‘Cowrie’ nk’ifaranga.

Ibikonoshwa by’ubwoko bwa wampum (amasaro ya tubular shell) yakoreshwaga nk’amafaranga n’abanyamerika kavukire. Irindi faranga riva muri kamere ni amenyo ya baleen (Whale), yakoreshwaga n’aba Fijiyani. Kandi abaturage bo ku kirwa cya Yap (ubu ni igice cya Micronésie) bakoze disiki nini ya hekeste (Imeze nk’igiceri cy’ubu) yaje guhinduka ifaranga kandi ikomeza kuba umwe mu muco w’ikirwa.

INYIGANANO: Igihe cyegerezaga kuvumbura amafaranga y’amiganano: na Wampum tuvuze hejuru yabaye igipimo cy’abashakaga kwigana amafaranga ayikozemo. Kubera uburyo hari hariho ubucuzi mu buryo butandukanye, hahise hajyaho amategeko avuga ko uwafashwe yiganye amafaranga azacibwa umutwe. Kuva mu kinyejana cya 14 ubushinwa bwatanze umuburo ko abakora amafaranga y’impimbano bazacibwa umutwe, icyo gihe abongereza nabo bari bazwiho gutwika uwakoze amafaranga y’amiganano ari muzima.

Mu bukoroni bw’abanyamerika, abageragezaga kwigana amafaranga bahuraga n’ibibazo bikomeye naho. Muri rusange hafashwe ingamba zikomeye zikumira kwigana amafaranga. Uko iminsi yagiye yicuma niko kwigana amafaranga byagiye bihabwa umurongo kubera ko amacapiro y’amafaranga yagiye ashyiraho umwihariko kuburyo uwigana hari ibyo atakora, icyakora ibihano bihabwa abiganye amafaranga byaragabanijwe, nko muri Amerika ubu ni igifungo cy’imyaka 20.

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IBICERI: Nubwo ikorwa ry’amafaranga mu byuma amateka agaragaza ko ryabayeho mu myaka 2000 mbere ya Yezu Kristu, Mu kinyejana cya 7 mbere ya Yezu nibwo ibiceri bisanzwe mu mafaranga kandi byemejwe byabayeho. Nk’uko abahanga mu by’amateka benshi babivuga, muri icyo gihe ni bwo ubwami bwa Lidiya (muri Turukiya y’ubu) bwatanze ibiceri bya mbere byagenwe gukorwamo amafaranga. Byagaragaye ku ngoma (nko mu 610 – ahagana mu wa 560 mbere ya Yezu) y’Umwami Alyattes kandi bikozwe mu ruvange rwa zahabu na feza.

Ibyo biceri bifite ishusho nk’iy’igishyimbo, byagaragazaga ikimenyetso cy’umwami, intare. Umuhungu wa Alyattes, Croesus (wategetse nko mu 560–546), yavuguruye ifaranga ry’ubwami, ashyiraho ibiceri bya feza n’ibiceri bya zahabu. Bidatinze, ifaranga nk’iryo ryatangiye kugaragara n’ahandi mu mpande zitandukanye.

AMAFARANGA Y’URUHU: Ahagana mu kinyejana cya 6 mbere ya Yezu, uruhu n’inyamaswa byihishe byatangiye gukoreshwa nk’umutako ku mafaranga. Bivugwa ko Roma yak are yakoresheje ubu bwoko bw’aya mafaranga. Yabonetse kandi mu bice nka Carthage ubu ni Ubufaransa, kandi Uburusiya bukekwa ko bwakoresheje amafaranga y’uruhu ku ngoma ya Petero Mukuru (1682–1725 EC).

Umwami w’abashinwa (Emperor) Wudi (wategetse 141–87 BGC) yaremye ifaranga mu ruhu rivuye mu gitekerezo yagize cyaturutse ku kwitegereza idubu yari atunze riri hejuru y’imyaka 15. Ryari rizengurutswe kandi ririmbishijwe ibishushanyo mbonera. Nubwo bitagikoreshwa, amafaranga y’impu ashobora kuba yarasize umurage urambye kuko bamwe bemeza ko byatumye habaho gukoresha izina ‘Buck’ ku madorari biturutse ku mafaranga yakoreshwagaho impu.

AMAFARANGA Y’IMPAPURO: Abantu benshi bemeza ko impapuro zaturutse mu bushinwa, akaba ari naho bahera bavuga ko amafaranga akoze mu mpapuro yaturutse muri iki gihugu. Bivugwa ko agashya nk’aka kabaye ku ngoma (997-1022 mu gihe cya nyuma ya Kristu) y’Umwami w’abami Zhenzong. Yakozwe mubishishwa by’ibiti bya tuteri (nuko, muburyo bumwe, bavuga ko amafaranga yakuze ku biti).

Inkuru Wasoma: Biratangaje. Wagira ngo nibo neza neza. Abantu 20 babashije kugarura urwibutso rw’abakurambere babo maze bakagarura ibihe mu gihe barimo. Bifotoje barimo kubigana.

Mu mpera z’ikinyejana cya 18 no mu ntangiriro z’ikinyejana cya 19, amafaranga y’impapuro yari amaze gukwirakwira mu tundi turere tw’isi. Igice kinini cy’ifaranga, ariko, ntabwo cyari amafaranga mu buryo busanzwe. Ahubwo, yabaye nk’inoti ‘z’isezerana – isezeranya’ kwishyura umubare munini wa zahabu cyangwa ifeza – zagize uruhare runini mu iterambere rya banki.

AMAFARANGA KU RWEGO RWA ZAHABU: Mu buryo butunguranye, ifaranga ryaje rifite ibibazo byinshi, kimwe muri icyo cyari amafaranga ya ‘fiat’. Aya ni ifaranga ritangwa kuri “fiat” (iteka) rya guverinoma yigenga kandi, bitandukanye n’ibiceri bya zahabu na feza, nta gaciro rifite. Ibihugu rero byashoboraga gutanga amafaranga nk’ayo uko byishakiye, bamwe barabikoraga abandi ntibabikore, muri make ni uguha agaciro amafaranga bashaka bigendanye n’igihugu barimo.

Ibi byabaye ikibazo ku buryo mu 1821 Ubwongereza – icyo gihe bwari umuyobozi mu by’imari mpuzamahanga – bwashyizeho igipimo cya zahabu. Muri ubu buryo bw’ifaranga, igipimo cy’ifaranga gisanzwe cyabitswe ku giciro cy’umubare uteganijwe wa zahabu, ibyo bikaba byongera icyizere mu bucuruzi mpuzamahanga mu kubuza leta gutanga amafaranga menshi. Amaherezo, ibindi bihugu, harimo Ubudage, Ubufaransa, na Amerika, byemeje zahabu. Ariko, iyi sisitemu yari ifite ingaruka mbi ku rundi ruhande.

Ikigaragara ni uko byagabanije ubushobozi bw’igihugu bwo gutandukanya ubukungu bwacyo no kwiheba cyangwa guta agaciro kw’isi yose. Nyuma y’ihungabana rikomeye (1929 – nko mu 1939), ibihugu byatangiye gutekereza ku gipimo cya zahabu, kandi mu myaka ya za 70 zahabu ntiyari igihambiriwe n’ifaranga. Kuva icyo gihe habaye ibibazo byinshi bikabije bya ‘hyperinflation’. Ikintu kibazo cyagaragariye cyane muri Zimbabwe mu ntangiriro ya za 2000, igihe igihugu cyatangaga amafaranga wagereranya na tiriyari 100 z’amadolari – yari afite agaciro k’umugati mu mafaranga y’iki gihugu.

AMAKARITA Y’INGUZANYO (Credit cards): Mu gihe inguzanyo yabayeho kuva kera, ikarita ya mbere y’inguzanyo ku isi yose ntabwo yabayeho mbere ya 1950 nyuma ya Yezu. Muri uwo mwaka Abanyamerika Ralph Schneider na Frank McNamara bashinze Diners Club. Andi makarita yahise akorwa, maze mu 1959 American Express yerekana ikarita ya plastiki. Dufite IBM yo gushimira umurongo wa magneti ku makarita y’inguzanyo, yatangijwe mu myaka ya za 60 ikubiyemo amakuru ya konti ya nyiri iyo karita. Kubera umurongo bashyizeho, abacuruzi ntabwo bagikeneye guhamagara kuri terefone kugirango babone uruhushya mu bigo by’inguzanyo.

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Mu myaka ya za 90, amakarita yatangiye gushyirwamo chip kugirango ahishe amakuru yaba nyirazo, atanga umutekano kurushaho. Izindi mpinduka zirimo amafaranga ari kuri konte. Mu ntangiriro, abakoresha ikarita y’inguzanyo basabwaga kwishyura amafaranga bakoresheje yose mu mpera z’ukwezi. Amaherezo,Express y’Abanyamerika yemereye abakiriya gutwara amafaranga yabo ku makarita aho kujya bayakoresha bakishyura nyima – nubwo inyungu hagiyeho kwishyura inyungu z’umurengera – kandi andi masosiyete y’inguzanyo yahise akurikira. (Nituvuga amasosiyete y’inguzanyo ubwo ni amasosiyete akora amakarita ya Credit).

AMAFARANGA YAVUYE KU GIKONOSHWA AGERA KURI BITCOIN: Bitcoin ni sisitemu y’ifaranga rya sisitemu ryakozwe mu 2009 na porogaramu ya mudasobwa itazwi cyangwa itsinda rya porogaramu zizwi ku izina rya Satoshi Nakamoto. Ifaranga ntabwo ritangwa na banki nkuru kandi banki nkuru ntirigenga. nubwo umuyoboro wa mudasobwa wegerejwe abaturage ukurikirana ibikorwa. Abakoresha Bitcoin ntibazwi, bazwi gusa na ‘Digital Wallet ID’.

Agaciro ka Bitcoin kagenerwa mu ipiganwa ibi bikaba bihwanye n’uburyo ububiko bwayo buhabwa agaciro. NI GUTE BITCOINS IKORWA? Bitcoin ikorwa mu buryo bwitwa ubucukuzi ‘Mining’ Ibi birimo isiganwa hagati ya mudasobwa kugira ngo ikemure ibibazo by’imibare igoye bityo igenzure ibice by’ubucuruzi bya Bitcoin byose. Nubwo ibyo bishobora kumvikana nk’ibyoroshye, ntabwo ari ko bimeze. Bigereranwa ko hafi inshuro tiriyari zirindwi zigerageza, mbere y’uko igisubizo kiboneka ku muntu uri ku ‘Mining’ Bitcoin.