Nk’uko urubuga rwo gushakiraho amakuru rwa Google ruherutse kubitangaza, mu mwaka wa 2022, kimwe mu bibazo byabajijwe cyane kurusha ibindi n’abarukoresha mu gihugu cya Turkiye ni icyo inzozi zabo zisobanura. Ishami rya BBC cy’Ikinyaturuki yatahuye uburyo ibiganiro ku nzozi n’ibisobanuro byazo byatangiye mu muco w’Abaturuki n’uburyo byagiye guhinduka kugeza none.  Ese biterwa n’iki kurota uvuga?

Kuva mu bihe bya Misiri ya Kera kugeza ku Babuda muri Aziya y’Epfo, kuva mu bihe by’ubwami bw’abami bwa Ottoman kugeza ubu, inzozi zabaye ingingo iganirwaho cyane mu materaniro y’amadini, umuco no mu mateka. Ku Baturuki, kubera kuba benshi ari abayisilamu, ibisobanuro n’ibiganiro bikorwa cyane ku nzozi byaje biva ku bumenyi bwa kiyisilamu. Ibi byafunguye inzira y’imikoreshereze isanzwe y’inzozi nk’ igikoresho cyo kugenzura imiterere ku basulutani, abasufiya bazwiho gufasha Abayisilamu kugera ku Mana, abashehe n’abayobozi b’inzego za politiki.

Nk’uko inzobere zibivuga, kuba abantu bashobora gusobanura inzozi “nk’ubutumwa buva ku mana” ni ibintu byabayeho muri buri gice cy’amateka y’isi. Siyansi igezweho na yo irashaka kumenya inkomoko y’inzozi mu bwonko. Nubwo izi nzira ebyiri zombi zishobora gusa n’izivuguruzanya, zombi uko ari ebyiri zifite ibintu zihuriyeho bisa.

Mu kinyejana cya 19, ibitabo by’inzozi ni byo byabaye intango izwi yo kugaragara k’ubusobanuro bw’inzozi. Igitabo gishya cy’Inzozi z’Abanyamisiri cya Park, kimwe mu bitabo abacuruzi bagurishaga inzu ku nzu, cyangwa mu myiyereko mu gihugu cy’Ubwongereza, cyatanze amakuru avugwa ko yaba akomoka mu Banyamisiri ba Kera. Mu gihe bari kure yo gusobanukirwa ibibaho nk’ibyabayeho mu ntangiriro, Ibiza no gutsindwa, abantu bagiranaga inama ku nzozi nubwo babaga nta kuri gufatika babaga bazi ku minsi izaza.

Inzozi zanditswe Abanyamisiri ba kera bagize ziragaruka zikagera mu myaka irenga 4.000 ishize. “Urwandiko rw’Abapfuye” rufatwa nk’inyandiko ya kera kurusha izindi yo mu Misiri ivuga ku nzozi. Muri izi nyandiko, inzozi zagaragazaga ukubaho kw’intego, icyerekezo cyo mu bundi buryo, hanze y’urukundo rw’urota, mu mwanya w’uko imiterere iva ku wo urota. Mu mabaruwa yandikiwe inshuti cyangwa abagize imiryango bapfuye, hari ibyiza, impano n’inema zitandukanye abapfuye basabwaga hanyuma aya mabaruwa agashyirwa mu mva z’uyakira.

“Inzozi zakoraga nk’igihome gikinga muri izi nyandiko, irembo rifunguye riri hagati y’isi ebyiri zizungurutswe n’urukuta, aho bashoboraga kubonanira,” nk’uko bivugwa n’umuhanga muri siyansi wo mu Misiri, Kasia Szpakowska, wiga ku by’inzozi zo mu Misiri ya Kera. Mu byibukwa by’inzozi zo mu bihe byacu (Modern Era), byatangiye mu myaka ya 1500 mbere y’ivuka rya Yesu Kristu ibiganiro n’ubusobanuro bw’inzozi byariganje, ibintu byatumye abafarawo muri iki gihe bagera ku mana, bitari abapfu, bityo bagira imbaraga zazo.

Izindi nyandiko nyinshi ku nzozi byasigaye bikomoka ku matsinda, ibihugu cyangwa abayobozi b’amadini n’abo cyangwa ibyo bihugu ari byo. Serenity Young, wo muri Kaminuza ya City University of New York, wiga kandi agakora ubushakashatsi ku bisobanuro by’inzozi z’Ababuda mu Buhinde na Tibet, asobanura ko inzozi za gihanuzi akenshi zigaragara mu mwihariko wa kidini n’uwa Kibuda. Yemera ukuri kuvuga ko inzozi umuntu atazihitamo uko yishakiye kandi si buri kiroto cyaroswe kiba kigejeje uyu munsi, Young avuga ko izishobora kuba impamo ari “inzozi zatoranyijwe kugenzurwa ku mpamvu z’uko zihishura indangagaciro zo mu muco’’.

INKURU ZIVUGWA KU NZOZI MU MATEKA YA TURUKIYA: Birashoboka guhura n’ibisobanuro by’inzozi mu nyandiko ya kera z’Igituruki mu mateka y’Abanyaturukiye. Özgen Felek, ukora nk’umwarimi wa kaminuza mu Ishami ry’Indimi zo mu Burasirazuba bwa Hafi n’Isirimuka rijyana n’imibereho ya muntu (Civilisation) muri Kaminuza ya Yale akora ubushakashatsi ku bisobanuro by’indoto mu buvanganzo bw’Igituruki.

Mu gihe umuheto wa zahabu usakara uva mu Burasirazuba ujya mu Burengerazuba mu nzozi, amacumu atatu y’ifeza yerekeza mu Majyaruguru. Igihe Uluğ Türk yasobanuriraga Oğuz Kağan inzozi ze, “Imana y’ikirere nigire inzozi zanjye impamo. Kandi ahe abawe bazagukomokaho gutwara no kwigarurira isi yose.” Nk’uko Oguz Kagan abivuga, inzozi za Ulugh Yigit ni ikimenyetso cyiza ko ibisekuru by’abo yabyaye bizatsinda isi.

Inzozi nk’izo z’urugero zakusanyirijwe hamwe mu nkuru zindi z’Igituruki nka Göç, Türeyiş na Manas. Ikindi kiroto cyaje nyuma guhzwa na Osman I, wahanze akanatangiza ubwami bwa Ottoman mu 1299, yari ifite ubutumwa nk’ubwo: Ukurikije inkuru ibivuga, ubwo Osman yasuraga Sheikh Edebali, umwarimu muri kaminuza w’umusufiya ahabwa icyumba. Akimenya ko hari Korowani mu cyumba cye, Osman yanga kuryama, bituma arara ijoro ryose ari maso hanyuma akabona inzozi:

“Igihe Osman Gazi aryamye, arota ko Ukwezi kuva mu gituza cy’umurinda kukamusanga kukinjira mu gituza cye. Igihe ukwezi kucyinjira mu gituza cye, igiti gihita gisohoka mu nda ye maze igicucucucu cye kigatwikira isi.” Aganira na BBC ishami ryayo ry’Igituruki, Felek asobanura ko inzozi Osman yagize ati “ingenzi cyane cyane mu kwerekana uburyo ubumenyi no gusobanukirwa inzozi za Kiyisilamu bigira ingaruka ku muco w’inzozi wa Gituruki.

“Nubwo indoto zose ebyiri zashyizwe hamwe mu nkuru zizigira nk’igikoresho gihamya indangagaciro z’ubutegetsi bwabo ubwabwo, hari ibice bimwe na bimwe muri izi nkuru zisobanura inzozi bihuzwa na Osman (urugero, icyubahiro gihabwa Korowani) byerekana ko Ubuyisilamu bwagize uruhare rukomeye ku muco wa Gituruki wo kurota.”

Aganira na BBC Turkish, Umuhuzabikorwa w’Amasomo y’Isi ya Kiyisilamu muri Kaminuza ya Loyola Chicago, Prof. Marcia Hermansen avuga ko “Ubuyisilamu bwasize imiryango ifunguye ku nzozi. Urugero, Korowani ivuga ku busobanuro bw’inzozi z’Umuhanuzi Yusuf (Yozefu). Ubu busobanuro bw’inzozi bwari ubw’ukuri” Iyi myizerere yashoboje guhuzwa na gakondo z’imico y’inzozi nyuma y’Abaturuki babereye Abayisilamu.

Azwi nk’umuntu “watangije” ibisobanuro by’inzozi za Kiyisilamu, Ibn Sirin wari umucuruzi mu kinyejana cya 8. Ibisobanuro byinshi by’inzozo byavanywe kwa Sirin byakusanyirijwe hamwe mu gitabo cy’Ibisobanuro by’Inzozi. Sirin yarimo agarukira cyane Korowani Ntagatifu mu mabonekerwa ye. Icyakora, uruhare ubutegetsi bw’Ubugiriki bwa Kera na rwo rwagaragaye mu bisobanuro by’inzozi za Kiyisilamu.

Felek avuga ko ibisobanuro by’inzozi za Artenidorus, bitekerezwa ko yatuye Knidos (ni muri Datça ya none) mu gihe cy’Abagiriki, “byaje kugirwa iza Kiyisilamu” nyuma yo gusemurwa mu rurimi rw’Icyarabu. Felek avuga ko mu gihe izi nzozi zasobanurwaga, bimwe mu bice bya gipagani byahinduwe bikagirwa “malaika’’, ibimenyetso by’imana nyinshi bikaba byaranditswe bikabikwa bigizwe Imana yonyine, cyangwa bimwe mu bice bya Gikristu cyangwa bya Kiyahudi byakuwemo.

INZOZI NK’IGIKORESHO GIHAMYA KANDI KIGAHESHA AGACIRO IBIRIHO: Ibisobanuro by’inzozi na none byakoreshejwe nk’igikoresho gikomeza ubutegetsi n’ubutware bw’abasulutani ba Ottoman. Avuga ko “inzozi zegera ukuremwa bushya” iyo zihererekanyijwe mu nzira y’inyandiko cyangwa y’umunwa, Felek avuga ko “ari ukubera ko inzozi ubwazo zigizwe n’amagambo kandi tudashobora kwemeza niba koko runaka yarose cyangwa atarose.”

Icyakora nubwo ibyo bimeze bityo, mu myizerere ya Kiyisilamu, byizerwa ko Intumwa y’Imana Muhammad yavuze ngo, “Ikinyoma kibi kurusha ibindi no ukuvuga ko umuntu yabonye inzozi kandi nta zo yabonye.” Felek asobanura ko kubera iyi “hadithi’’ yavuzwe n’Intumwa Muhammad (saww), ukumenya ko “Umuyisilamu mwiza nta nzozi akora” buhindura ibisobanuro by’inzozi inkingi ikomeye ku basuklutani, abasufiya, abashehe n’abayobozi ba politiki.

Özgen Felek avuga ko inzozi zifite akamaro nk’inzira yo “kwemeza hadhi” hagati y’itsinda, igihugu cyangwa umuyobozi w’idini. Igitabo Menamat, kimwe mu bitabo bizwi cyane byanditswe ku nzozo byo mu bihe bya ‘Empire’ ya Ottoman, ni ikusanyirizo z’amabaruwa bitekerezwa ko yoherejwe ava kwa Selim II, umwana wa Suleiman Mukuru, ku mwuzukuru we, Murat III, ngo ajye kwa Sheikh Şüca Dede mu kinyejana cya 16.

Umwanditsi w’icyo gitabo, Özgen Felek wo muri Kaminuza ya Yale, asobanura ko aya mabaruwa y’inzozi ko nubwo Murat III atigeze arwana n’umukuru w’abasirikare na rimwe mu buzima bwe, yagaragaye nk’intwari mu nzozi ze akageza n’aho agera mu mwanya wo gushyira hamwe isi y’Abasuni n’Abashia.

Minstrelsy ni umuco ukomeye muri Anatolia, agace ko muri Aziya yo hafi y’u Burayi aho Turukiya iherereye, aho inzozi zigira umwanya ukomeye mu mibereho y’abahatuye. Amira Mitternaier, Porofeseri w’Amasomo y’Idini muri Kaminuza ua Toronto, yabwiye BBC Turkish ko, “Inzozi zigijwe iruhande n’impinduka za Kiyisilamu (kandi agashimangira ibyo avuga ku mpamvu), icyakora kugeza ubu ziracyayobora abantu benshi mu buzima bwabo mu byishimo kandi bari muri politiki, n’ibiganiro,” ni ko we avuga.

Hari ingero nyinshi ku mikoreshereze yogeye y’inzozi mu bihe bya politiki, ivuye mu mico ya minstrel yo muri Anatolia kugeza ku matsida ya jihadi na Istikhara. Byizerwa ko nyuma yo gukundana n’umugore mwiza no gusangira inzoga mu nzozi zabo, abakundana bahinduka mu mimerere ya gihanzi.

Ku ruhande rundi, udutsiko turwana intambara zishingiye ku ntambara ya jihadi nka al-Qaeda cyangwa Leta ya Kiyisilamu (ISIS) dutekerezwaho gukoreshwa inzozi mu buryo buziguye igihe bafata ibyemezo. Nk’urugero, muri Werurwe 2015, byatangajwe mu makuru ko umuyobozi wa ISIS w’icyo gihe yarose Intumwa Muhammad imutegeka kuva i Mosul na we adatindiganije yahise ava muri ako gace.

Umushakashatsi ku Nzozi akaba n’Umwanditsi, Kelly Bulkeley, twifashishije ibitekerezo bye muri iyi nkuru, avuga ko rubanda ku isi bongereye agaciro bahaga inzozi ndetse bazitaho kurushaho nyuma yo kwaduka kw’icyorezo cya Covid-19. Nk’uko Bulkeley abivuga, “umutuzo ugenda ukura ku isi wagizwemo uruhare n’ibitangazamakuru,” ni ko avuga.

Inzobere ku mitekerereze n’imikorere y’ubwonko izwi cyane yo muri Otirishe akaba kandi ari we watangije ibyo gusesengura imiterere y’ubuzima bwo mu mutwe, Sigmund Freud yanditse mu myaka isaga ishize mu gitabo cye The Interpretation of Dreams, ko inzozi zacu ari ibyifuzo by’ibyo dushaka kugeraho mu buzima bwacu bwa buri munsi n’ibyishimo dushaka kugira. Inzira nshya zo kugenzura ubwonko zafashije ubwonko gukwepa iki gitekerezo hakorwa ubushakashatsi ku bwonko bw’umuntu igihe asinziriye.

Ubumenyi bwa siyansi igezweho bukomeje gushaka inkomoko n’igitera inzozi mu bwonko. Bulkeley avuga ko uko imyemerere y’amadini ku nzozi n’icyo siyansi izivugaho “bigaragara ko bitandukanye”, gusa agerageza kwerekana “ahantu hasanzwe ho gusobanukirwa” binyuze mu bushakashatsi bwe. Bulkeley avuga ko mu mico ishingiye ku madini akenshi ishaka kandi ikifashisha ubufasha bwo mu nzozi ngo itange umuti cyangwa ikize ibibazo by’abantu, ku giti cyabo nk’umuryango.

Siyansi igezweho, cyane cyane amagerageza y’imiti y’indwara zo mu mutwe, yavumbuye ko inzozi zishobora gufasha cyane mu kuvura abantu bafite ikibazo cy’ubwenge buke. Inzozi zifite imbaraga zo gukiza indwara: ntidushobora kuvuga dushize amanga ngo twemeze ko ari ukuri ko inzozi n’andi mabonekerwa umuntu asinziye biva ku mana cyangwa bituvamo imbere twebwe abantu. SRC: rwandamagazine.