Fabrice Nahimana Imwe mu nzira ruri kwiga ni ugukoresha ingufu za nucléaire hakoreshejwe inganda nto zizwi nka Small Modular Reactors (SMR), zitanga amashanyarazi atarenze megawatt 300 ku ruganda rumwe.
U Rwanda rwihaye intego ko guhera mu 2030 ruzaba rutunganya amashanyarazi akomoka ku ngufu za nucléaire, urugendo rwatangiye mu myaka umunani ishize.
Ni umushinga mugari ruri gukorana n’ibihugu n’ibigo bitandukanye birimo u Burusiya, Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, Canada, u Budage na Koreya y’Epfo, Hongrie, Afurika y’Epfo hamwe n’imiryango mpuzamahanga. Ubu bufatanye bukubiyemo ubushakashatsi, amahugurwa n’igerageza ry’ikoranabuhanga.
U Rwanda rufite intego y’uko mu 20250 ruzaba rukenera amashanyarazi arenga megawatt 5000 avuye kuri 470 rufite ubu, ibigaragaza uburo ingufu za nucléaire zishobora gufasha na cyane ko zitanga amashanyarazi amanywa n’ijoro, ntizishingire ku zuba cyangwa ku mvura.
SMR ni iki, kandi amashanyarazi ya nucléaire akorwa ate?
Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) wazigereranya nk’uruganda rutanga ingufu za nucléaire rwubakiwe ahantu, mu zindi nganda, hanyuma rugaterurwa rugashyirwa aho rugomba gukorera.
Uruganda nucléaire ruba ari ikintu kinini cyane ariko SMRs ari nto, ku buryo wayigereranya n’ingano y’ikigega.
Uko wongera umubare w’ibyo bigega ni ko wongera n’ingano y’umuriro bishobora gutanga. SMRs imwe mu zo u Rwanda rushaka, ifite ubushobozi bwo gutanga megawatt 200 z’amashanyarazi, noneho zikaba enye.
Uru ruganda rwifashisha icyitwa, ‘Nuclear reactor’ umuntu yagereranya n’umutima w’uruganda rutunganya ingufu za nucléaire kuko iby’ingenzi ari ho bikorerwa.
Kugira ngo amashanyarazi aturutse kuri nucléaire aboneke hifashishwa ubutare bwa Uranium. Bafata Uranium bakayitunganya intima (atome) zayo zikitandukanya ku buryo zitanga ubushyuhe (ibizwi mu gifaransa nka fission nucléaire), iyo imaze gutanga ubushyuhe ni bwo bifashisha bagashyushya amazi akavamo umwuka, wa mwuka akaba ariwo bayobora mu mashini ugatanga amashanyarazi. Aho hashyuhirizwa amazi ni yo “nuclear reactor”
SMR zimwe zitegurirwa ahantu hitaruye, mu birombe, mu nganda cyangwa mu bikorwa bikenera amashanyarazi y’inyongera igihe habaye ikibazo. Imiterere yazo iratandukanye.
Kuba zimwe zishobora gutwarwa ntibivuga ko reactor ishobora kwimurwa cyangwa gushyirwa aho ari ho hose: ubwikorezi, ahazashyirwa uruganda n’imikorere yarwo bisaba uruhushya.
Ubutaka bukenewe bushingira ku ikoranabuhanga, umubare wa ya mashini ijya kumera nk’ikigega, uburyo bwo gukonjesha, inyubako, imiyoboro y’amashanyarazi, umutekano n’ingamba zo kwitegura ibihe bidasanzwe.
Ku Rwanda hatanzwe ikigereranyo cya hegitari 15–50, ariko si igipimo ngenderwaho kuri buri SMR.
Ahazubakwa kandi hasuzumwa imiterere y’ubutaka, imitingito, amazi, aho abaturage batuye n’uko ibikorwa byo gutabara byakorwa mu gihe habaye ikibazo.
Urwego rubishinzwe rugena imipaka y’urubuga n’ahateganyirizwa ibikorwa by’ubutabazi rushingiye ku isesengura ry’umutekano n’imiterere y’ahantu.
U Rwanda ruri gufatanya n’ibigo bitandukanye biri kugerageza ikoranabuhanga ritandukanye rijyanye no gukora izi nganda nto zimwe zitaranatangira gukora na hamwe ku Isi.
Mu bigo biri gukorana n’u Rwanda harimo:
Holtec International yo muri Amerika
Muri Gicurasi 2026, RAEB yasinyanye amasezerano na Holtec International yo muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, ajyanye n’ikoranabuhanga ryayo rya Small Modular Reactors.
Holtec International ikora Small Modular Reactors zifashishwa mu kubyaza ingufu za nucléaire amashanyarazi. Ni yo izaha u Rwanda izo mu bwoko bwa SMR-300 rushaka gukora.
Zigurishwa ari ebyiri (dual unit) aho imwe iba ifite ubushobozi bwo gutanga amashanyarazi nibura angana na MW340.
Holtec International ni ikigo cyigenga cyo muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika kizobereye gucunga inganda z’ingufu za nucléaire, gucunga imyanda yakoreshejwe muri izi nganda n’ibindi bijyana na zo.
Amasezerano agamije gukora inyigo n’ubushakashatsi kugira ngo harebwe niba ryakwifashishwa mu Rwanda.
Rosatom, undi mufatanyabikorwa w’ingenzi
U Rwanda na Rosatom, Ikigo cya Leta y’u Burusiya gishinzwe ingufu za Atomike, byatangiye ubufatanye mu gukoresha ingufu za nucléaire mu bikorwa by’amahoro mu 2018.
Mu 2019 byagiranye amasezerano ajyanye no gushyiraho Ikigo cya Siyansi n’Ikoranabuhanga rya Nucléaire mu Rwanda ndetse kigiye gutangira kubakwa.
Biteganyijwe ko icyo kigo kizaba kirimo laboratwari na reactor y’ubushakashatsi ifite ubushobozi bugera kuri MW 10. Iyi reactor izafasha mu bushakashatsi, amahugurwa n’ibindi bikorwa bya siyansi ishingiye ku ngufu za nucléaire.
Mu 2026, RAEB na Rosatom byashyize umukono ku murongo ngenderwaho w’ubufatanye ku mishinga ya SMR, iterambere ry’ibikorwaremezo, amahugurwa y’abakozi, ubushakashatsi n’Ikigo cy’Ubumenyi bw’ingufu za nucléaire n’Ikoranabuhanga (Centre for Nuclear Science and Technology).
Ubu bufatanye buzafasha kandi gukoresha ikoranabuhanga rya nucléaire mu buvuzi, ubuhinzi, ubucukuzi bw’amabuye y’agaciro no kuyatunganya.
Dual Fluid iri kugerageza ikoranabuhanga rishya
Dual Fluid ni Sosiyete ikomoka mu Budage, ariko mu 2021 yanditswe i Vancouver kugira ngo ibashe koroherwa no gukora bitewe n’uko Canada ifite uburyo bworohereza ibigo bikora “reactor” nto zifashishwa mu gutunganya amashanyarazi.
Mu minsi yashize byavuzwe ko iyi sosiyete igiye gukorera mu Rwanda igerageza rya “nuclear reactor”.
Guverinoma y’u Rwanda yemeye guha Dual Fluid ubutaka n’ibindi bikorwaremezo bikenewe kugira ngo iyo “reactor” yubakwe.
Izakorwa ntizaba igomba gukoreshwa mu gutanga umuriro, ahubwo ni nto umuntu yagereranya n’uko firigo iba ingana, igomba kuzareberwaho uko niharamuka hubatswe inini izajya ikora.
NANO Nuclear mu ikoranabuhanga rya mbere ku Isi
Muri Kanama 2024, RAEB yasinyanye amasezerano y’ubwumvikane na NANO Nuclear Energy yo muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika.
NANO yavuze ko izatanga ubufasha mu bya tekiniki, amahugurwa n’uburezi, ikanakorana n’u Rwanda ku bijyanye na SMR na Microreactors.
Nano Nuclear Energy Inc, yari iri gukora ibisabwa ngo haremwe ‘Nuclear Micro reactors’ zizajya zifashishwa mu gutunganya ingufu za nucléaire.
Nano Nuclear Energy Inc cyo kiri gukora ‘Nuclear Micro reactor’, ndetse kugeza ubu nta hantu ku Isi ushobora gusanaga izi ‘Micro reactors’ kuko iki kigo ari cyo cya mbere cyatangiye ishyirwa mu bikorwa rya gahunda zo kuzikora.
U Rwanda mu nzira nziza mu mboni za IAEA
Muri Werurwe 2026 Ikigo cy’Igihugu gishinzwe Ingufu za Atomike mu Rwanda (RAEB) cyatangaje ko igenzura ryakozwe na IAEA ryasanze u Rwanda rugeze ku rugero rwiza mu kubaka ubushobozi bwo gukoresha ingufu za nucléaire mu bikorwa bigamije amahoro n’iterambere.
Izi nzobere zisuzuma ingingo 19 zirimo gahunda y’igihe kirekire y’igihugu ku bijyanye n’ikoreshwa ry’ingufu za nucléaire, uburyo bwo kurinda abantu n’ibidukikije, uburyo bw’imari ifatika igenewe kubaka no kwita ku nganda, abakozi bashoboye gukora imirimo ijyanye n’ingufu za nucléaire, amategeko n’ibindi.
Isuzuma rya mbere ryakorewe u Rwanda kuva tariki 2-9 Werurwe 2026, ryagaragaje ko u Rwanda ruhagaze neza ku ngingo nyinshi zerekeye ubushobozi bwo gukoresha ingufu za nucléaire.
RAEB ivuga ko bitarenze mu 2028 abakozi 234 bazaba bakenewe bazaba barabonetse ku buryo mu myaka ya 2030 uruganda rutunganya amashanyarazi akomoka ku ngufu za nucléaire rwaba rwaratangiye gutanga amashanyarazi.
Arenga miliyari 5$
Muri Gashyantare 2026, Umuyobozi Mukuru wa RAEB, Dr Fidel Ndahayo, yavuze ko kubaka uruganda rwa nucléaire mu Rwanda bishobora gusaba hagati ya miliyari 5 na miliyari 6 z’amadolari ya Amerika.
Yagaragaje ko umushinga ukeneye uruhare rw’abikorera, kugira ngo n’inganda zo mu Rwanda zigire uruhare mu bwubatsi no gutanga ibikoresho na serivisi bigezweho bidasabye kwishingikiriza ku mashanyarazi atizewe.
Nta mpungenge z’impanuka
Impungenge z’abaturage ku ngufu za nucléaire zishingira ku kuba impanuka zo mu nganda za nucléaire zishobora guteza ingaruka zikomeye.
Nk’ubu benshi bibuka impanuka ya Chernobyl yabereye muri Ukraine mu 1986 n’ingaruka z’imirasire ku baturage no ku bihugu byari hafi y’aho yabereye, aho abarenga 6000 barwaye kanseri y’umuhogo itewe n’ingaruka z’impanuka.
Icyakora ntawe ukwiriye kugira impungenge kuko SMR rifite uburyo bwabugenewe bwo kongera umutekano, harimo n’uko zimwe zishobora guhagarika imikorere mu gihe habaye ikibazo. Zishya zizizimya.
Ikindi Holtec International yubatse conteneur za mbere ku Isi zifashishwa mu gutwara no kubika imyanda yangiza ibidukikije isohorwa n’uruganda rwa nucléaire. Nibura inganda 100 ku Isi zibyaza amashanyarazi ingufu za nucléaire zikoresha conteneur zakozwe n’iki kigo, ibizaba inyungu ku Rwanda binyuze muri ubu bufatanye.
Mu 2028 abakozi bose bazaba barabonetse
U Rwanda rwihaye intego yo kugira abahanga n’abakozi barenga 230 mu bijyanye na nucléaire bitarenze 2028. Abanyarwanda barenga 200 bari mu masomo cyangwa amahugurwa ajyanye na nucléaire mu bihugu bitandukanye.
Mu bufatanye bw’u Rwanda na Hongrie, abanyeshuri 40 bari bateganyirijwe amahugurwa mu 2026; abayobozi bari bavuze kandi ko bashaka imikoranire n’u Bushinwa na Koreya y’Epfo.
Kaminuza y’u Rwanda na RAEB byatangije amasomo ya siyansi ya nucléaire. Raporo ya Leta yavuze ko abanyeshuri 52 ari bo bari bagize icyiciro cya mbere mu mwaka w’amashuri wa 2025–2026.
