IMIRASIRE TV Imishinga mito myinshi ikenera inguzanyo kugira ngo itangire cyangwa yaguke, ariko uburyo bwo gusaba inguzanyo y’ubucuruzi bushobora kugorana kubyumva. Kohereza ubusabe bw’inguzanyo akenshi bitera ubwoba kuko bisaba ko utanga amakuru menshi ajyanye n’imikorere y’imari y’ikigo cyawe ndetse n’uko uteganya kuzitwara mu gihe kiri imbere.
Ariko kubona inguzanyo y’ubucuruzi ntibyakagombye kuba bigoye. Birasaba gusa kumenya neza uko inzira yo gusaba inguzanyo ikorwa no gutegura neza ubucuruzi bwawe kugira ngo bwemerwe n’utanga inguzanyo. Iyi nyandiko izakuyobora mu buryo bwose bwo kubona inguzanyo y’ubucuruzi, kuva utangiye kugeza uyibonye.
Buri utanga inguzanyo agira uburyo bwe bwihariye bwo kwakira ubusabe, ariko izi ni intambwe zisanzwe zikurikizwa mu gusaba inguzanyo y’ubucuruzi buto.
1. Tegura ibyangombwa (inyandiko zisabwa)
“Gusaba inguzanyo isanzwe y’ubucuruzi buto bishobora kugorana,” ni ko Rob Misheloff, washinze Smarter Finance USA, yabivuze. “Abatanga inguzanyo benshi, cyane cyane amabanki n’abatanga inguzanyo b’ubucuruzi buto buto (Small Business Administration (SBA), ntibagaragaza neza ibisabwa kugira ngo umuntu yemererwe. Ibyo bituma ba nyir’ubucuruzi bato bamara amasaha menshi bategura inyandiko zisabwa, ariko nyuma bagaterwa utwatsi, bikaba ibintu bibabaza kandi bibaca intege.”
Ubucuruzi bugomba gutegura izi nyandiko zikurikira mbere yo gusaba inguzanyo:
- Inyandiko z’imari z’imyaka ibiri kugeza kuri itatu ishize (financial statements) cyangwa raporo z’imisoro (tax returns)
- Raporo z’amafaranga agomba kwishyurwa (accounts receivable reports)
- Inyandiko za banki z’amezi nibura atatu ashize
- Gahunda y’ubucuruzi (business plan)
- Icyemezo cy’uburenganzira ku bucuruzi (proof of ownership)
“Nka nyir’ubucuruzi, ugomba kumenya ko ibintu uzasabwa harimo nk’imisoro y’imyaka itatu, inyandiko yuzuye kandi yashyizweho umukono igaragaza imiterere y’imari yawe bwite … ndetse n’inyandiko yoroshye igaragaza umutungo n’imyenda (balance sheet) hamwe n’inyungu n’igihombo (P&L),” ni ko Nate Marshall, umuyobozi mukuru w’isoko mu karere (SVP & Regional Market Executive) muri Civista Bank yabivuze. “Ntibisaba ko byateguwe n’umubaruramari wabigize umwuga. Ni byiza kubikora, ariko si igisabwa byanze bikunze kandi byatwara amafaranga ushobora kuba udafite.”
2. Reba amanota y’inguzanyo yawe (credit score)
Ku nguzanyo y’ubucuruzi idafite ingwate (unsecured), utanga inguzanyo azasuzuma imari yawe bwite, harimo amateka y’inguzanyo zawe (credit history). Muri iki gihe, ni wowe ubwawe uba wizeza kwishyura iyo nguzanyo, bityo imiterere y’imari yawe bwite igira uruhare runini mu kwemererwa.
“Ujye ugira amanota meza y’inguzanyo yawe bwite,” ni ko Rob Stephens, washinze CFO Perspective yabivuze. “Amabanki azagusaba kwishingira iyo nguzanyo ku giti cyawe, bityo kugira imari imeze neza byongera amahirwe yo kuyihabwa.”
3. Kusanya inyandiko z’imari
Niba ubucuruzi bwawe busanzwe bukora, uburyo amafaranga yinjira n’asohoka (cash flow) ni ingenzi cyane ku utanga inguzanyo. Azareba igurishwa ryawe, amafaranga winjiza (revenue) n’ayo ukoresha (expenses) kugira ngo amenye niba uzashobora kubona amafaranga ahagije buri kwezi yo kwishyura inguzanyo.
“Ugomba gukusanya inyandiko zerekana cash flow byibura z’umwaka umwe ushize,” ni ko Jesse Silkoff, washinze MyRoofingPal akaba n’umufatanyabikorwa mu gushinga MyTennisLessons yabivuze. “Zisuzumishe n’umunyamwuga kugira ngo umenye ko byose biteguye neza.”
Ugomba kandi gutegura izindi nyandiko z’imari, nka:
- Balance sheet (igaragaza umutungo, imyenda n’imari shingiro)
- Income statement (inyungu n’igihombo)
Abatanga inguzanyo bakoresha balance sheet kugira ngo bamenye niba umutungo wawe, imyenda n’imari shingiro bigaragaza ko ushobora cyangwa udashobora kwishyura inguzanyo. Income statement yo ibereka inyungu cyangwa igihombo mu gihe runaka (nk’igihembwe cyangwa umwaka), bigatuma bamenya ingano y’ingaruka (risk) bafite bagutije.
Nanone bazareba igipimo cy’umwenda ugereranyije n’inyungu (debt-to-income ratio), kigaragaza uko umaze kwifashisha imyenda mu bucuruzi bwawe. Niba usanzwe ufite imyenda myinshi, kubona indi nguzanyo birushaho kugorana. Akenshi, abatanga inguzanyo bifuza kubona iki gipimo kiri munsi ya 30% kugira ngo bemere gutanga inguzanyo nshya.
4. Tegura gahunda y’ubucuruzi (business plan)
Mbere yo kwemererwa inguzanyo y’ubucuruzi buto, utanga inguzanyo ashaka kumenya neza uko uteganya gukoresha ayo mafaranga. Ibi ni ingenzi kuko inyungu ze zishingira ku gutera imbere no gukomeza kwiyongera k’ubucuruzi bwawe. Ni yo mpamvu ugomba kujyana gahunda y’ubucuruzi irambuye, igaragaza neza ko uri umuntu wizewe mu kwishyura.
“Nyuma yo gutegura inyandiko zose n’amakuru y’imari, ugomba noneho kwandika gahunda y’ubucuruzi,” ni ko Jesse Silkoff yabivuze. “Intego ni ukwerekana ko ubucuruzi bwawe buhagaze neza mu by’imari no gusobanura neza uko uzakoresha amafaranga wifuza kubona.”
Gahunda y’ubucuruzi ni ingenzi cyane, cyane cyane niba udafite amateka agaragaza neza cash flow ihamye, nk’uko Rob Stephens abivuga.
“Witegure kwerekana amateka y’amafaranga yinjira mu buryo buhoraho kandi bukomeye, cyangwa ugaragaze gahunda y’ubucuruzi ifite amahirwe menshi yo gutanga cash flow ihagije yo kwishyura imyenda,” ni ko yabivuze.
5. Tekereza ku ngwate (collateral).
Hari igihe utanga inguzanyo agusaba gutanga ingwate kugira ngo yemeze ko uzishyura. Ingwate ni umutungo ufite agaciro utanga inguzanyo ashobora kwifashisha igihe utabashije kwishyura. Urugero: iyo ufashe inguzanyo yo kugura inzu, iyo nzu iba ingwate. Iyo utabashije kwishyura, utanga inguzanyo ashobora kuyitwara (foreclosure) kugira ngo yishyure ayo yaguhaye.
6. Hitamo ubwoko bw’inguzanyo ushaka gusaba.
Inguzanyo ya SBA 7(a) (itangwa ku bufatanye na Small Business Administration) ni yo ikunzwe cyane mu nguzanyo z’ubucuruzi buto, ariko si yo yonyine. Hari n’izindi wahitamo, zirimo:
- Line of credit y’ubucuruzi
- Microloans (inguzanyo nto)
- Inguzanyo z’igihe gito (short-term loans)
- Inguzanyo zo kugura ibikoresho (equipment financing)
Ugomba guhitamo ijyanye n’ibyo ukeneye n’ubushobozi bwawe bwo kwishyura.
7. Tegura kandi wohereze ubusabe bwawe
Tegura inyandiko zose zisabwa, zirimo:
- Raporo z’imisoro (tax returns)
- Inyandiko za cash flow
- Inyandiko za banki
Bitewe n’ingano y’ubucuruzi bwawe n’ubwoko bw’inguzanyo usaba, ushobora gusabwa gutanga inyandiko zerekeye ubucuruzi bwawe ndetse n’imari yawe bwite.
Mu mabanki, akenshi usaba inguzanyo ujya ku ishami (in person). Ariko ku bandi batanga inguzanyo (alternative lenders), ubusabe bukorerwa kuri internet, aho wohereza inyandiko zawe online.
Nyuma yo kohereza ubusabe n’inyandiko zisabwa, icyemezo kiba kiri ku utanga inguzanyo. Asuzuma ubusabe bwawe akareba niba akwemerera cyangwa akwanga.
“Abasaba inguzanyo bagomba kwitega ko bishobora gufata iminsi 30 kugeza kuri 60 kugira ngo inguzanyo itangwe burundu,” ni ko Nate Marshall yabivuze. “Iyo banki ibonye ibyo ikeneye byose hakiri kare, inzira iroroha cyane. Buri gihe biba byiza gutegura ibintu neza kuva mu ntangiriro.”
Inzira yo gusaba inguzanyo y’ubucuruzi buto ishobora kuba ndende kandi isaba kwitonda, ariko iyo ikozwe neza ishobora kuba ingirakamaro cyane mu gutangiza ubucuruzi bwawe cyangwa kukugeza ku rwego rukurikiyeho rw’iterambere. Niba uhisemo neza abatanga inguzanyo bakwiriye, ugahitamo ubwoko bw’inguzanyo bujyanye n’ibyo ukeneye, kandi ugatanga neza inyandiko zisabwa, uba uri mu nzira nziza yo kubona inkunga y’imari.
Ariko ibyo si byo byose. Iyo umaze guhabwa icyemezo cy’inguzanyo, ni ngombwa gusuzuma neza amasezerano yayo (loan terms) no kugira gahunda irambye yo kuyishyura. Niba wita kuri ibi byose bijyanye no kuguza, ushobora gutuma inguzanyo y’ubucuruzi igufasha kugera ku ntego zawe.
Mike Berner na Max Freedman bagize uruhare mu gutegura iyi nyandiko.
